L carnitine in which food

Below is the table where you can able to know the highest to lowest values of L-carnitine vegetarian and non — vegetarian food sources. Apart from vegetarian and nonvegetarian sources, you should also know about vegans diet which is very rarely explained. Do Vegans Need L- Carnitine? Veganism is one of the forms of vegetarian diet that excludes meat, eggs, but also removes dairy products and all few animal-derived ingredients from their regular routine.

Many vegans also do not consume foods that are prepared by using animal products, such as refined white sugar and some wines. Vegan refers to either a person who follows this way of eating or to the diet itself. A vegan diet generally includes all grains, beans, legumes, l-carnitine rich fruits and vegetables like avocado, asparagus, bread, cooked rice, orange juice and the nearly infinite number of foods made by combining them.

While it is not as abundant while preserving avocados are 2 mg and rice is about 0. Even so, it is still good to take a vitamin that consists of some L-carnitine in it just to help. Above you can see the clear table chart on vegetarian, non-vegetarian and also a vegan diet that are rich in L-carnitine.

Following an L-carnitine for a healthy life and a regular workout is enough. But if you do wish to obtain good health talk to your doctor or dietitian before taking L-carnitine supplements. Have you ever considered L-carnitine for your overall health? How did it help you? Please feel free to share your experience with us by commenting below.

Mukta Agrawal Dt. Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Search for:. If it happens as a result of other metabolic diseases, this is secondary carnitine deficiency.

Cancer and aging reduce carnitine levels. Foods that provide carnitine are mainly animal products, dairy, poultry, and meat. Red meat has one of the highest concentrations. Adults whose diets are rich in red meat consume on average around 60 to mg of carnitine per day. A vegan diet normally provides between 10 and 12mg per day. Studies suggest that the body absorbs 54 to 86 per cent of dietary carnitine into the bloodstream, but only 14 to 18 percent when it is taken as a supplement.

Carnitine is said to have many therapeutic properties that may be useful in treating a range of conditions and illnesses. As an antioxidant , carnitine fights off harmful free radicals, which cause severe damage to cells. Health conditions that carnitine may be used to treat include heart failure or heart attack , angina , and diabetic neuropathy. One review study has stated that acetyl-L-carnitine ALC had a moderate effect on reducing pain, but the evidence is still conflicting , and more research is needed.

One study found that ALC is as effective as a conventional treatment, methylcobalamin MC , in treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Another investigation , involving 19 patients, found that ALC did not change the frequency or severity of the condition.

For some time, studies have suggested that carnitine may help treat the symptoms of angina if used alongside conventional treatment. In , a review and meta-analysis linked L-carnitine with a 27 percent reduction in all-cause mortality, and notably, a 65 percent drop in ventricular arrhythmias and a 40 percent fall in the development of angina.

However, it did not lead to a fall in the development of heart failure or a repeat myocardial infarction MI. Carnitine may also normalize the type of blood vessel dysfunction that happens with congenital heart defects , according to Dr.

Stephen M. Most chronic diseases lead to a loss of mitochondrial function that can result in fatigue and other symptoms. Research published in Alternative Therapies In Health And Medicine suggests that combinations of supplements, including carnitine, might help improve mitochondrial function.

Findings published in the journal Thrombosis Research looked at the efficacy, safety and tolerability of propionyl-L-carnitine PLC given to patients with a condition known as intermittent claudication.

Intermittent claudication can lead to pain when walking or running, because damage or narrowing of an artery leads to poor blood supply. The pain usually occurs in the feet, calves, thighs, hips or buttocks, depending on where the artery damage or narrowing occurs. The authors found that patients with peripheral arterial disease were able to walk comfortably for longer times and distances after using PLC.

Studies on men with infertility have suggested that 2 to 3 grams a day for 3 to 4 months can increase sperm quality, and that 2 grams for 2 months may increase sperm motility. However, other studies have not confirmed this. Hepatic encephalopathy refers to the occurrence of a spectrum of neuropsychiatric signs or symptoms in individuals with acute or chronic liver disease Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy may not feature any symptoms beyond abnormal behavior on psychometric tests or symptoms that are nonspecific in nature.

In contract, overt hepatic encephalopathy can present with disorientation, obvious personality change, inappropriate behavior, somnolence, stupor, confusion, and coma Changes in mental status are thought to be caused by the liver failing to detoxify neurotoxic compounds like ammonia. A systematic review of five placebo -controlled trials conducted by one group of investigators examined the effect of acetyl-L-carnitine ALCAR in participants with cirrhosis and portal hypertension high blood pressure in the portal vein and presenting with either subclinical or overt hepatic encephalopathy.

ALCAR was found to significantly reduce blood ammonium concentration compared to placebo. However, none of the trials reported on serious adverse outcomes, including mortality. Additionally, the evidence was too limited to assess the impact on quality of life or mental and physical fatigue. Fatigue is not uncommon in people who have undergone chemotherapy and survived cancer , with fatigue symptoms depending on the specific type of cancer and treatment.

Cancer-related fatigue can persist well beyond the end of chemotherapy and be associated with cognitive and functional decline, insomnia, depression, and a reduction in the quality of life A systematic review and meta-analysis identified 12 intervention studies that assessed the effect of L-carnitine or ALCAR on cancer-related fatigue reported as a primary or secondary outcome in cancer survivors Three studies had no control arm, eight studies were open-label , and eight studies included fewer than participants.

Overall, only three studies were deemed of good quality. The meta-analysis of these three randomized , double-blind , placebo -controlled trials found no effect of L-carnitine 0. L-Carnitine is concentrated in the epididymis , where sperm mature and acquire their motility An early cross-sectional study of fertile and infertile men found that L-carnitine concentrations in semen were positively correlated with the number of sperm, the percentage of motile sperm, and the percentage of normal appearing sperm in the sample , suggesting that L-carnitine may play an important role in male fertility.

In both trials, the effect of carnitine was greater in the most severe cases of asthenozoospermia reduced sperm motility at baseline , Evidence from larger scale clinical trials is still needed to determine whether L-carnitine and ALCAR could play a role in the treatment of male infertility.

Frailty is a syndrome prevalent among geriatric populations and characterized by a functional decline and a loss of independence to perform the activities of daily living.

Frailty in individuals may include at least three of the following symptoms: unintentional weight loss, exhaustion poor endurance , weakness low grip strength , slowness, and physical inactivity It is believed that early stages of frailty are amenable to interventions that could avert adverse outcomes, including the increased risk of hospitalization and premature death The suggestion that carnitine deficiency may lead to frailty through mitochondrial dysfunction has been examined in one trial.

This randomized , double-blind , placebo -controlled trial in 58 older adults identified as "pre-frail" found an decrease in a Frailty Index score and an improvement in the hand grip test in individuals supplemented with L-carnitine 1. However, there was no difference in Frailty Index and hand grip test scores between supplemental L-carnitine and placebo groups.

Loss of skeletal muscle mass is associated with a decrease in muscle strength and occurs with aging , as well as in several pathological conditions Based on preclinical studies, it has been suggested that L-carnitine supplementation could limit the imbalance between protein anabolism synthesis and catabolism degradation that leads to skeletal muscle wasting A randomized , double-blind , placebo -controlled trial in 28 older women ages, years found no effect of L-carnitine supplementation 1.

One major limitation of this study beyond its retrospective design is that patients who received L-carnitine had a significantly different clinical presentation; in particular, liver dysfunction was significantly more severe in these patients than in those who were not supplemented Muscle cramps are involuntary and painful contractions of skeletal muscles.

Two uncontrolled studies conducted in participants with cirrhosis found that L-carnitine supplementation was safe to use at doses of 0.

However, whether supplemental L-carnitine can be efficacious to limit the incidence of muscle cramps in patients with cirrhosis remains unknown. An open-label , non-randomized trial in 69 patients with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus found a reduction in the incidence of muscle cramps and an improvement in the quality of life of those prescribed 0.

In contrast, there is little evidence to date to suggest that supplemental L-carnitine could reduce muscle cramps in patients undergoing hemodialysis Well-designed trials are necessary to examine whether L-carnitine could be helpful in the management of cramps.

Interest in the potential of L-carnitine supplementation to improve athletic performance is related to its important roles in energy metabolism. However, the content carnitine in skeletal muscle, phosphocreatine, ATP , glycogen , and lactate, as well as measures of physical performance during exercise were equivalent between vegetarians and omnivores. While L-carnitine supplementation normalized plasma carnitine concentration in vegetarians to that observed in omnivores, there was no effect on energy metabolism and physical performance compared to no supplementation and between vegetarians and omnivores The normal rate of L-carnitine biosynthesis in humans ranges from 0.

Thus, a 70 kg 1b person would synthesize between 11 and 34 mg of carnitine per day. Meat, poultry, fish, and dairy products are the richest sources of L-carnitine, while fruit, vegetables, and grains contain relatively little L-carnitine. Non-milk-based infant formulas e. Some carnitine-rich foods and their carnitine content in milligrams mg are listed in Table 1.

Intravenous L-carnitine is available by prescription only for the treatment of primary and secondary L-carnitine deficiencies Oral L-carnitine is available by prescription for the treatment of primary and secondary L-carnitine deficiencies It is also available without a prescription as a nutritional supplement ; supplemental doses usually range from 0. In addition to providing L-carnitine, it provides acetyl groups that may be used in the formation of the neurotransmitter , acetylcholine.

Supplemental doses usually range from 0. It is, however, available without prescription as a nutritional supplement. See Figure 1 for the chemical structures of L-carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and propionyl-L-carnitine.

In general, L-carnitine appears to be well tolerated; no toxic effects have been reported in relation to intakes of high doses of L-carnitine. L-Carnitine supplementation may cause mild gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea.

Despite claims that L-carnitine or ALCAR might increase seizures in some individuals with seizure disorders , these are not supported by any scientific evidence Only the L- isomer of carnitine is biologically active; the D-isomer may actually compete with L-carnitine for absorption and transport, thereby increasing the risk of L-carnitine deficiency 4. Supplements containing a mixture of the D- and L-isomers D,L-carnitine have been associated with muscle weakness in patients with kidney disease.

Long-term studies examining the safety of ALCAR supplementation in pregnant and breast-feeding women are lacking Pivalic acid combines with L-carnitine and is excreted in the urine as pivaloylcarnitine, thereby increasing L-carnitine losses see also Secondary carnitine deficiency. Consequently, prolonged use of pivalic acid-containing antibiotics, including pivampicillin, pivmecillinam, pivcephalexin, and cefditoren pivoxil Spectracef , can lead to secondary L-carnitine deficiency The anticonvulsant valproic acid Depakene interferes with L-carnitine biosynthesis in the liver and forms with L-carnitine a valproylcarnitine ester that is excreted in the urine.

However, L-carnitine supplements are necessary only in a subset of patients taking valproic acid. There is insufficient evidence to suggest that nucleoside analogs used in the treatment of HIV infection i. Originally written in by: Jane Higdon, Ph. Updated in April by: Victoria J.

Drake, Ph. Updated in July by: Barbara Delage, Ph. Reviewed in December by: Tory M. Hagen, Ph. Rebouche CJ. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Fraenkel G, Friedman S. Vitam Horm. De Grandis D, Minardi C. Acetyl-L-carnitine levacecarnine in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. A long-term, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Drugs R D. L - -Carnitine and its precursor, gamma-butyrobetaine.

Nutraceuticals in Health and Disease Prevention. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Kinetics, pharmacokinetics, and regulation of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine metabolism. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Baltimore; Ascorbic acid and carnitine biosynthesis. Am J Clin Nutr. Evans AM, Fornasini G. Pharmacokinetics of L-carnitine. Clin Pharmacokinet. Carnitine status of lactoovovegetarians and strict vegetarian adults and children.

Metabolic fate of dietary carnitine in human adults: identification and quantification of urinary and fecal metabolites. J Nutr. Uptake of L-carnitine, D-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine by isolated guinea-pig enterocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta. Renal adaptation to dietary carnitine in humans. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. McGrane MM. Carbohydrate metabolism--synthesis and oxidation. In: Stipanuk MH, ed. Biochemical and Physiological Aspects of Human Nutrition.

Philadelphia: W. Saunders Co; The antioxidant properties of carnitine in vitro. Cell Mol Biol Lett. Age-dependent decrease of carnitine content in muscle of mice and humans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Downregulation of carnitine acyltransferases and organic cation transporter OCTN2 in mononuclear cells in healthy elderly and patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. J Mol Med Berl. Acetyl-L-carnitine fed to old rats partially restores mitochondrial function and ambulatory activity.

Acetyl-L-carnitine supplementation to old rats partially reverts the age-related mitochondrial decay of soleus muscle by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis. Rejuvenation Res. Acetyl-l-carnitine supplementation reverses the age-related decline in carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 CPT1 activity in interfibrillar mitochondria without changing the l-carnitine content in the rat heart.

Mech Ageing Dev. Oxidative stress-mediated macromolecular damage and dwindle in antioxidant status in aged rat brain regions: role of L-carnitine and DL-alpha-lipoic acid. Clin Chim Acta. Age-associated deficit of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle: role of carnitine and lipoic acid. Mol Cell Biochem. Supplementation of L-carnitine improves mitochondrial enzymes in heart and skeletal muscle of aged rats.

Exp Aging Res. Savitha S, Panneerselvam C. Mitochondrial membrane damage during aging process in rat heart: potential efficacy of L-carnitine and DL alpha lipoic acid. Efficacy of levo carnitine and alpha lipoic acid in ameliorating the decline in mitochondrial enzymes during aging.

Clin Nutr. Sethumadhavan S, Chinnakannu P. Carnitine and lipoic Acid alleviates protein oxidation in heart mitochondria during aging process. Sundaram K, Panneerselvam KS. Oxidative stress and DNA single strand breaks in skeletal muscle of aged rats: role of carnitine and lipoicacid. L-carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid improve age-associated decline in mitochondrial respiratory chain activity of rat heart muscle.

Age-dependent upregulation of p53 and cytochrome c release and susceptibility to apoptosis in skeletal muscle fiber of aged rats: role of carnitine and lipoic acid. Free Radic Biol Med. Neuronal mitochondrial amelioration by feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid to aged rats. J Cell Mol Med. Low carnitine intake and altered lipid metabolism in infants. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition.

Soy protein-based formulas: recommendations for use in infant feeding. Functional and molecular studies in primary carnitine deficiency. Hum Mutat. Systemic primary carnitine deficiency: an overview of clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Orphanet J Rare Dis. Disorders of mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid oxidation and the carnitine shuttle. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. Primary and secondary carnitine deficiency syndromes. J Child Neurol. Diagnosis and treatment of renal tubular disorders.

Semin Nephrol. Carnitine replacement in end-stage renal disease and hemodialysis. Stanley CA. Carnitine deficiency disorders in children. El-Gharbawy A, Vockley J. Inborn errors of metabolism with myopathy: defects of fatty acid oxidation and the carnitine shuttle system.

Pediatr Clin North Am. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Vitamin C. Washington D. National Academy Press. Mechanisms underlying the anti-wasting effect of L-carnitine supplementation under pathologic conditions: evidence from experimental and clinical studies. Eur J Nutr. L-carnitine treatment of insulin resistance: A systematic review and meta-analysis.