Vedic mythology refers to an ancient settlement called Pushkalavati in the area, after Pushkal, the son of King Bharata in the epic Ramayana. In recorded history, the earliest major city established in the general area of Peshawar was called Purushapura Sanskrit for City of Men and was founded by the Kushans, a Central Asian tribe of Tocharian origin, over 2, years ago. Prior to this period the region was affiliated with Gandhara, an ancient Indo-Iranian kingdom, and was annexed first by the Persian Achaemenid empire and then by the Hellenic empire of Alexander the Great.
Buddhism was introduced into the region at this time and may have claimed the majority of Peshawar's inhabitants before the coming of Islam. Later, the city came under the rule of several Parthian and Indo-Parthian kings, another group of Iranic invaders from Central Asia, the most famous of whom, Gondophares, ruled the city and its environs starting in circa 46 CE, and was briefly followed by two or three of his descendants before they were displaced by the first of the "Great Kushans", Kujula Kadphises, around the middle of the 1st century CE.
Gandharan Peshawar Peshawar formed the eastern capital of the empire of Gandhara under the Kushan king Kanishka, who reigned from at least CE. Peshawar became a great centre of Buddhist learning. Kanishka built what may have been the tallest building in the world at the time, a giant stupa, to house the Buddha's relics, just outside the Ganj Gate of the old city of Peshawar.
The Kanishka stupa was said to be an imposing structure as one travelled down from the mountains of Afghanistan onto the Gandharan plains. The earliest account of the famous building is by the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim monk, Faxian, who visited it in and described it as being over 40 chang in height probably about m or ft and adorned "with all precious substances".
It was still in existence at the time of Xuanzang's visit in From the ruined base of this giant stupa there existed a jewelled casket containing relics of the Buddha, and an inscription identifying Kanishka as the donor, and was excavated from a chamber under the very centre of the stupa's base, by a team under Dr.
Spooner in The stupa was roughly cruciform in shape with a diameter of feet 87 m and heavily decorated around the sides with stucco scenes. Sometime in the 1st millennium BCE, the group that now dominates Peshawar began to arrive from the Suleiman Mountains of southern Afghanistan to the southwest, the Pashtuns. Over the centuries the Pashtuns would come to dominate the region and Peshawar has emerged as an important centre of Pashtun culture along with Kandahar and Kabul as well as Quetta in more recent times.
Muslim Arab and Turkic arrived and annexed the region before the beginning of the 2nd millennium. Privacy Policy Terms of Service. Email: dgpdapsh gmail.
Quicklinks My Account. About Peshawar. The mean data across the surveyed districts reveals that the flora is predominated by parthenium weed with the highest relative density of It was followed by Cannabis sativa , Cynodon dactylon and Cyperus rotundus , with relative densities of At different locations, it was observed that parthenium weed is competing with Cannabis sativa which is not so aggressive and problematic weed.
While in some areas parthenium weed has already replaced Cannabis sativa. Mean distribution data showed that parthenium weed infestation was abundant and almost not uniform in all districts, however highest relative frequency of Rumex crispus and Xanthium strumarium infatuated the smallest relative frequency at most of the locations studied thereby indicating them as insignificant among the weed flora of the study area. Importance value data revealed that P. Looking at the overall distribution of flora in Peshawar valley, parthenium weed is spreading rapidly along the roadsides, into agricultural fields and on wastelands.
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