Darwin's Finches are an example of natural selection in action. They are an excellent example of the way species' gene pools have adapted in order for long term survival via their offspring. See this tutorial for more elaborate info on natural selection as exemplified by Darwin's finches Poultry probiotics — Easter discovery for UK chicks.
The consequences of antibiotic use in horticulture. Hepatitis E in Europe — are pigs or pork the problem? Because current vaccines provoke an immune response to the entire spike protein, it is hoped that effective protection may still occur despite a few changes at antigenic sites in SARS-CoV-2 variants. Separating cause from consequence is important in evaluating data on antibody neutralization of spike variants.
Regardless of why the mutations were selected, it is reasonable to expect that many mutations in spike might affect neutralization by convalescent sera. It is therefore important to consider both the magnitude of the change in neutralization and the number of serum samples evaluated.
Another issue is that viral glycoproteins are subject to evolutionary trade-offs. Sometimes a mutation that enhances one viral property, such as binding to a receptor, can reduce another property, such as escaping host antibody. Indeed, recent evidence suggests this could be the case for DG. Defining these dynamics, and their potential influence on vaccine effectiveness, will require large-scale monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 evolution and host immunity for a long time to come. Corresponding Author: Adam S.
Published Online: January 6, Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Lauring reported receiving personal fees from Sanofi as a consultant on oseltamivir and influenza and personal fees from Roche as a member of a steering committee for a clinical trial of baloxavir and influenza, outside the submitted work.
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Published online December 23, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Because viruses mutate and re-assort rapidly, it is difficult for scientists to keep up with scientific knowledge of new viruses. As a result, pandemics can occur. This article is about coronaviruses , a group of viruses that cause upper respiratory illnesses in humans.
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